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Titre :	Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn (2003)
Auteurs :	A Prentice, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.133 n°5 Suppl 2, Mai 2003)
Article en page(s) :	pp.1693S-1699S
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.1 (Lactation)
Catégories :	Foetus ; Lactation ; Mère ; Minéraux ; Nourrisson et enfant de 0 à 2 ans ; Nutriment
Mots-clés:	Os
Résumé :	The fluxes of the primary bone-forming minerals, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc, across the placenta and through breast milk place considerable demands on maternal mineral economy. Increases in food consumption, elevated gastrointestinal absorption, decreased mineral excretion and mobilization of tissue stores are several possible biological strategies for meeting these extra mineral requirements. This paper presents a review of the evidence on the extent to which these strategies apply in the human situation, the mechanisms by which they occur, the limitations imposed by maternal diet and vitamin D status and the possible consequences for the growth of the infant and bone health of the mother. On the strength of current evidence it appears that pregnancy and lactation are associated with physiological adaptive changes in mineral metabolism that are independent of maternal mineral supply within the range of normal dietary intakes. These processes provide the minerals necessary for fetal growth and breast milk production without requiring an increase in maternal dietary intake or compromising maternal bone health in the long term. This may not apply to pregnant women whose mineral intakes or sunlight exposure are marginal. As a vehicle for promoting optimal growth and bone mineral content of infants, supplementation of lactating women with minerals or vitamin D is unlikely to prove effective. The situation in pregnancy is less certain. Until more studies have been conducted, a precautionary case can be made for targeted supplementation of pregnant women who have very low intakes of calcium or who are at risk of vitamin D deficiency.
En ligne :	http://jn.nutrition.org/content/133/5/1693S.long

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Titre :	Breastfeeding among Low Income, African-American Women: Power, Beliefs and Decision Making (2003)
Auteurs :	ME Bentley, Auteur ; DL Dee, Auteur ; JL Jensen, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.133 Supplément, Janvier 2003)
Article en page(s) :	pp.305S-309S
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	SO.5 (Précarité)
Catégories :	Afro-américain ; Facteur socioculturel ; Pauvreté ; Précarité
Résumé :	Breastfeeding rates among African-American women lag behind all other ethnic groups. National data show that only 45% of African-American women reported ever breastfeeding compared to 66 and 68% of Hispanic and white women, respectively. Of African-American women who do choose to breastfeed, duration is short, with many discontinuing in the first days after birth. This report applies a social ecological framework to breastfeeding to investigate macrolevel?microlevel linkages. We posit that macrolevel factors, such as the media, aggressive marketing of breastmilk substitutes, welfare reform, hospital policy and breastfeeding legislation, interact with microlevel factors to influence a woman?s decision to breastfeed. These microlevel factors include features of the community, neighborhoods, workplaces that support or discourage breastfeeding, social and personal networks and cultural norms and individual beliefs about breastfeeding. The report discusses how power operates at each level to influence women?s choices and also emphasizes the value of ethnographic data in breastfeeding studies. Through a case study of a sample of low income, African-American women living in Baltimore, MD, where breastfeeding role models are few, beliefs that discourage breastfeeding are many, and where everyday life is full of danger and fear, it is understandable that breastfeeding is not considered practical. The narrative data provide important information that can be used to enhance intervention efforts. To reach the Surgeon General?s Healthy People 2010 breastfeeding goals requires a shift in cultural norms and structures at all levels that will support breastfeeding for all women.

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Titre :	Validity and public health implications of maternal perception of the onset of lactation: an international analytical overview (2001)
Auteurs :	R Pérez-Escamilla, Auteur ; Donna J. Chapman, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.131 n°11, Novembre 2001)
Article en page(s) :	pp.3021S-3024S
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.1 (Lactation)
Catégories :	Lactation ; Lactogénèse ; Mère
Résumé :	The main objective of this analytical overview is to assess the validity of maternal perception of the onset of lactation (OL) as an indicator of lactogenesis stage II (LS-II). Prospective studies that assessed OL and/or LS-II [based on test-weighing milk volume (MV) and/or breast milk biomarkers (BMB)] were identified. OL is a clearly defined and easily identified event across cultures, with the overwhelming majority of women being able to report when they experience it. Mean OL ranges from 50 to 73 h postpartum across studies and from 1 to 148 h postpartum within studies. The wide range detected within samples is fully consistent with the wide within sample LS-II variability as determined by BMB or MV. Studies have identified similar risk factors for delayed LS-II, such as labor and delivery stress, primiparity and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, regardless of marker used (i.e., OL, MV or BMB). The correlation between OL and MV (r = -0.60) is of similar magnitude to that between OL and BMB (r = 0.50) and that between BMB and MV (r = 0.47-0.69). In conclusion, OL is a valid clinical indicator of LS-II. This has public health relevance because studies have identified delayed OL (i.e., >72 h postpartum) as a risk factor for shorter breastfeeding duration and for greater infant weight loss by d 3 postpartum. Multidisciplinary studies are needed to standardize the definition of OL and to confirm its validity in different sociocultural contexts.

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Titre :	Comparison of Infant Feeding Patterns Reported for Nonindustrial Populations with Current Recommendations (2001)
Auteurs :	DW Sellen, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.131)
Article en page(s) :	pp.2707-2715
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	ET.1 (Etude ethnographique)
Catégories :	Culture ; Ethnologie ; Nourrisson et enfant de 0 à 2 ans ; Nutrition du nourrisson ; Santé publique
Résumé :	The observation that young child-feeding practices rarely conform to current global recommendations is of major public health nutrition policy concern and raises questions about whether near-universal compliance with recommendations is feasible in any population. This analysis uses indicators of age at introduction of complementary foods and termination of breastfeeding available from ethnographic and demographic reports published between 1873 and 1998 to test the hypothesis that recent and contemporary nonindustrial societies practice patterns of infant feeding concordant with current global recommendations. Results suggest that ethnographically reported average ages at introduction of nonbreast milk liquids (4.5 ± 6.0 mo) and solids (5.0 ± 4.0 mo) and the duration of breastfeeding (29.0 ± 10.0 mo) among a sample of 113 such populations concord with those at which key weaning transitions are biologically optimal for most normal healthy children. However, wide variation in estimates across populations remains unexplained and serious limitations in the available data preclude proper assessment of the underlying distribution of the timing of weaning transitions within populations.

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Titre :	Maternal and fetal stress are associated with impaired lactogenesis in humans (2001)
Auteurs :	KG Dewey, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.131)
Article en page(s) :	pp.3012-3015
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.3 (Stress)
Catégories :	Lactogénèse ; Mère ; Stress
Résumé :	Studies in animals indicate that various types of stressful stimuli can depress lactation, but there is much less information in humans. Experimental studies in breastfeeding women have shown that acute physical and mental stress can impair the milk ejection reflex by reducing the release of oxytocin during a feed. If this occurs repeatedly, it could reduce milk production by preventing full emptying of the breast at each feed. Prospective observational studies indicate that both maternal and fetal stress during labor and delivery (e.g., urgent Cesarean sections or long duration of labor in vaginal deliveries) are associated with delayed onset of lactation. The effects of chronic emotional stress on lactation are not known. Mothers who experience high levels of stress during and after childbirth should receive additional lactation guidance during the first week or two postpartum.

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Titre :	Physiology and endocrine changes underlying human lactogenesis II (2001)
Auteurs :	MC Neville, Auteur ; J Morton, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.131)
Article en page(s) :	pp.3005S-3008S
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.1 (Lactation)
Catégories :	Composition du lait ; Développement des glandes mammaires ; Lactation ; Lactogénèse
Résumé :	Lactogenesis stage II, the onset of copious milk secretion, takes place during the first 4 d postpartum in women and involves a carefully programmed set of changes in milk composition and volume. The evidence is summarized that progesterone withdrawal at parturition provides the trigger for lactogenesis in the presence of high plasma concentrations of prolactin and adequate plasma concentrations of cortisol. Although the process is generally robust, delayed lactogenesis does occur with stressful deliveries and in poorly controlled diabetes. Failure of early removal of colostrum from the breast is associated with high milk sodium and poor prognosis for successful lactation in many women. We speculate that this problem may result from accumulation of a substance in the mammary alveolus that inhibits lactogenesis, even in the face of appropriate hormonal changes after parturition.

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Titre :	Maternal perception of the onset of lactation is a valid, public health indicator of lactogenesis stage II (2000)
Auteurs :	Donna J. Chapman, Auteur ; R Pérez-Escamilla, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.130 n°12, Décembre 2000)
Article en page(s) :	pp.2972-2980
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.1 (Lactation)
Catégories :	Accouchement compliqué ; Césarienne ; Lactation ; Lactogénèse
Résumé :	Test weighing is the "gold standard" for documenting lactogenesis stage II. However, this method is impractical for use in population studies. Maternal perception of the timing of the onset of lactation may be a useful proxy for lactogenesis stage II. This study seeks to validate maternal perception of the onset of lactation as a marker of lactogenesis stage II. Women (n = 60) were recruited after cesarean delivery. Beginning at 24 h postpartum (pp), the onset of lactation was assessed 3 times daily by both test weighing and maternal perception. Delayed onset of lactation was defined as follows: 1) milk transfer /= 72 h pp. Misclassification analyses were conducted. Multivariate logistic regression, bivariate analyses and Cox survival analyses were used to evaluate the determinants and consequences of delayed onset of lactation, using both definitions. The sensitivity and specificity of delayed maternal perception as an indicator of delayed lactogenesis were 71.4 and 79.3%, respectively. Four risk factors for low milk transfer were significant (P:

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Titre :	Culturally appropriate nutrition education improves infant feeding and growth in rural Sichuan, China (2000)
Auteurs :	GS Guldan, Auteur ; HC Fan, Auteur ; X Ma, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.130, Mai 2000)
Article en page(s) :	pp.1204-1211
Note générale :	PMID: 10801920
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	ET.1 (Etude ethnographique)
Catégories :	Chine ; Complément alimentaire ; Croissance et développement ; Culture ; Milieu rural ; Nutrition du nourrisson
Résumé :	Chinese studies indicate that the growth of rural infants and children lags behind that of their urban counterparts after 4 mo of age and that the gap is widening. However, the rural areas are home to >85% of China's 300 million children. Clearly, culturally appropriate rural complementary feeding interventions are needed to close the growth and health gaps. After a 1990 survey of infants in rural Sichuan confirmed that poor infant feeding practices rather than inadequate household food resources were responsible for the growth faltering, a year-long community-based pilot nutrition education intervention (n congruent with 250 infants each in Education and Control groups) was undertaken in four townships. The goal was to improve infant growth by improving infant feeding practices. Features of the intervention included the training and mobilizing of village nutrition educators who made monthly growth monitoring and complementary feeding counseling visits to all pregnant women and families with infants born during the intervention in the study villages. After 1 y, the Education group mothers showed significantly higher nutrition knowledge and better reported infant feeding practices than their Control group counterparts. Also, the Education group infants were significantly heavier and longer, but only at 12 mo (weight-for-age -1.17 vs. -1.93; P = 0.004; height-for-age -1.32 vs. -1.96; P = 0.022), had higher breast-feeding rates overall (83% vs. 75%; P = 0.034) and lower anemia rates (22% vs. 32%; P = 0.008) than the Control group infants. We conclude that these methods have potential for adaptation and development to other rural areas in the county, province and nation.

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Titre :	Poor Maternal Schooling Is the Main Constraint to Good Child Care Practices in Accra (2000)
Auteurs :	M Armar-Klemesu, Auteur ; MT Ruel, Auteur ; DG Maxwell, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.130, Mai 2000)
Article en page(s) :	pp.1597-1607
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	SO.3.1 (Education Mères)
Catégories :	Afrique ; Education ; Milieu urbain ; Nutrition du nourrisson
Résumé :	Life in urban areas presents special challenges for maternal child care practices. Data from a representative quantitative survey of households with children

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Titre :	Lactation delays postpartum bone mineral accretion and temporarily alters its regional distribution in women (2000)
Auteurs :	JM Hopkinson, Auteur ; Nancy F. Butte, Auteur ; K Ellis, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.130 n°4, Avril 2000)
Article en page(s) :	pp.777-783
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.1 (Lactation)
Catégories :	Lactation ; Métabolisme
Mots-clés:	Os
Résumé :	The objective of this work was to compare long-term changes in bone mineral in lactating (L) and nonlactating (NL) women for 2 y postpartum. The 40 L women (mean duration of breastfeeding 345 +/- 177 d) and 36 NL women were enrolled during late pregnancy. Subjects were healthy and nonsmoking with a mean age of 28.8 +/- 4.1 y. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured at 0.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 mo by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry set for total body scan with regional analysis. BMC adjusted for bone area, weight and height (adj-BMC) decreased in L women at the lumbar spine (-3.1%, P

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Titre :	Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate lactation during energetic stress (1998)
Auteurs :	Pe Hartmann, Auteur ; JL Sherriff, Auteur
Type de document :	Article : texte imprimé
Dans :	Journal of Nutrition (Vol.128 n°2)
Article en page(s) :	pp.394-399
Langues:	Anglais
Index. décimale :	PH.1.3 (Stress)
Catégories :	Lactation ; Stress
Résumé :	Apart from the metabolic differences between species (ruminant vs. nonruminant), there are other important physiologic differences in both the energy requirements for lactation and in the control of milk production between dairy cows and women. Unlike dairy cows, the partitioning of nutrients for lactation in women therefore cannot be generalized to all lactating women but must be related to individual women, taking into account their particular metabolic circumstances. Homeorhetic models may be appropriate for women in developing countries, whereas in developed countries, the flexibility in both homeostatic and homeorhetic adaptations to the substrate demands for milk synthesis means that women can adopt a variety of strategies to support the metabolic demands of lactation. In these women, as in dairy cows, body reserves, dietary intake and milk production vary widely among individuals, and individual differences in capacity for homeorhetic regulation of nutrient partitioning under these conditions require further investigation.

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